Deep inspiratory breath hold assisted by continuous positive airway pressure ventilation for lung stereotactic body radiotherapy.

PURPOSE: Continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) ventilation hyperinflates the lungs and reduces diaphragmatic motion. We hypothesized that CPAP could be safely combined with deep inspiratory breath hold (CPAP-DIBH) during lung stereotactic radiotherapy (SBRT). MATERIAL AND METHODS: Patients with stage-1 lung cancer or lung metastasis treated with CPAP-DIBH SBRT between 3/2017-5/2021 were analyzed retrospectively. Patient characteristics, treatment parameters, duration of breath holds in all sessions and tolerance to CPAP-DIBH were recorded. Local control (LC) was assessed from CT or PET-CT imaging. The distances between the tumor and mediastinal organs at risk (OAR) in centrally located tumors using either free breathing (FB) or CPAP-DIBH were compared. Toxicity was graded retrospectively. RESULTS: Forty-five patients with 71 lesions were treated with CPAP-DIBH SBRT. Indications for CPAP-DIBH were prior radiation (35/71, 65%), lower lobe location (34/71, 48%), multiple lesions (26/71, 36.6%) and proximity to mediastinal OAR (7/71, 10%). Patient characteristics were: F:M 43%: 57%; mean gross tumor volume 4.5cm3 (SD 7.9), mean planning target volume 20cm3 (SD 27), primary: metastatic lesions (7%:93%). Mean radiation dose was 52.5 Gray (SD3.5). Mean lung volume was 5292cm3 (SD 1106). Mean duration of CPAP-DIBH was 41.3s (IQR 31-46.8). LC at 2 years was 89.5% (95% CI 76-95.5). In patients with central lesions, the distance between the tumor and mediastinal OAR increased from 0.84cm (SD 0.65) with FB to 1.23cm (SD 0.8) with CPAP-DIBH (p=0.002). Most patients tolerated CPAP well and completed all treatments after starting therapy. Three patients did not receive treatment: 2 were unable to tolerate CPAP and 1 had syncope (pre-existing). Toxicity was grade 2 in 4/65 (6%) and grade 3 in 1/65 (1.5%). There was no grade 2 or higher esophageal or tracheal toxicities. CONCLUSION: CPAP-DIBH assisted lung SBRT was tolerated well and was associated with minimal toxicity and favorable LC. This technique may be considered when treating multiple lung lesions, lesions located in the lower lobes or adjacent to mediastinal OAR.

Nab-Paclitaxel, Capecitabine, and Radiation Therapy After Induction Chemotherapy in Treating Patients With Locally Advanced and Borderline Resectable Pancreatic Cancer: Phase 1 Trial and Imaging-based Biomarker Validation.

PURPOSE: Effective consolidative chemoradiation (CRT) regimens are lacking. In this phase 1 trial, we evaluated the safety and efficacy of nab-paclitaxel, capecitabine, and radiation therapy after induction chemotherapy in patients with locally advanced and borderline-resectable pancreatic cancer (LAPC and BRPC). Also, we evaluated a computed tomography (CT)-based biomarker of response. METHODS AND MATERIALS: Eligible patients had pathologically confirmed pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma, underwent computed tomography-imaging, received a diagnosis of LAPC or BRPC, and received induction chemotherapy. Standard 3 + 3 study design was used, with 3 escalating nab-paclitaxel dose levels (50, 75, and 100 mg/m2) with concurrent capecitabine and RT in cohort sizes of 3 starting at the lowest dose. Dose limiting toxicity was defined as grade 3 or higher toxicity. Patients were restaged 4 to 6 weeks post-CRT completion, and surgical resection was offered to those with stable/responsive disease. We scored the tumor interface response (IR) postchemotherapy and post-CRT into type I (remained/became more defined) and type II (became less defined). Overall survival (OS) and progression-free survival (PFS) from time of CRT were estimated using Kaplan-Meier method. P ≤ .05 was considered significant. RESULTS: Twenty-three patients started and finished on protocol (LAPC = 14, BRPC = 9). No grade 3 and 4 toxicities were reported in level 1 (n = 3) or level 2 (n = 3) initial groups. Two patients in the initial level 3 group developed dose limiting toxicity, establishing level 2 dose as the maximal tolerated dose. Level 2 group was expanded for additional 15 patients (for a total of 23 on trial), 5 of whom developed grade 3 toxicities. Seven patients underwent surgical resection. Median OS and PFS were 21.2 and 8.1 months, respectively. Type I IR was associated with better OS (P = .004) and PFS (P = .03) compared with type II IR. CONCLUSIONS: We established the maximum tolerated dose for nab-paclitaxel in a consolidative CRT regimen for pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma. Preliminary efficacy results warrant phase 2 trial evaluation. IR may be used for personalized treatment.

Coeliac plexus radiosurgery for pain management in patients with advanced cancer : study protocol for a phase II clinical trial.

INTRODUCTION: Pancreatic cancer is characterised by severe mid-back and epigastric pain caused by tumour invasion of the coeliac nerve plexus. This pain is often poorly managed with standard treatments. This clinical trial investigates a novel approach in which high-dose radiation (radiosurgery) is targeted to the retroperitoneal coeliac plexus nerve bundle. Preliminary results from a single institution pilot trial are promising: pain relief is substantial and side effects minimal. The goals of this study are to validate these findings in an international multisetting, and investigate the impact on quality of life and functional status among patients with terminal cancer. METHODS AND ANALYSIS: A single-arm prospective phase II clinical trial. Eligible patients are required to have severe coeliac pain of at least five on the 11-point BPI average pain scale and Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group performance status of two or better. Non-pancreatic cancers invading the coeliac plexus are also eligible. The intervention involves irradiating the coeliac plexus using a single fraction of 25 Gy. The primary endpoint is the complete or partial pain response at 3 weeks. Secondary endpoints include pain at 6 weeks, analgesic use, hope, qualitative of life, caregiver burden and functional outcomes, all measured using validated instruments. The protocol is expected to open at a number of cancer centres across the globe, and a quality assurance programme is included. The protocol requires that 90 evaluable patients" be accrued, based upon the assumption that a third of patients are non-evaluable (e.g. due to death prior to 3-weeks post-treatment assessment, or spontaneous improvement of pain pre-treatment), it is estimated that a total of 120 patients will need to be accrued. Supported by Gateway for Cancer Research and the Israel Cancer Association. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION: Ethic approval for this study has been obtained at eight academic medical centres located across the Middle East, North America and Europe. Results will be disseminated through conference presentations and peer-reviewed publications. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER: NCT03323489.

Single-Fraction Celiac Plexus Radiosurgery: A Preliminary Proof-of-Concept Phase 2 Clinical Trial.

BACKGROUND: Refractory epigastric/midback pain is associated with locally advanced abdominal malignancies, especially pancreatic cancer. The pain is caused by tumor infiltration of the celiac plexus, a nerve network attached to the abdominal aorta. Contemporary palliative approaches are often inadequate. We hypothesized that ablative radiation targeted to the celiac plexus would alleviate this pain. METHODS AND MATERIALS: We performed a single-arm prospective clinical trial (ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT02356406). Eligible and evaluable patients had celiac pain of at least 5 out of 10 on the Numerical Rating Scale, completed treatment per protocol, and had at least 1 posttreatment visit. The entire retroperitoneal celiac plexus was irradiated with a single 25-Gy fraction. The primary endpoint was change in the Numerical Rating Scale 3 weeks posttreatment. Toxic effects and pain interference (as measured with the Brief Pain Inventory) were secondary endpoints. RESULTS: For our study, 31 patients signed consent, and, of these, 18 patients were treated and evaluable. Median age was 68 years (range, 51-79); 89% of the patients had pancreatic cancer; the median Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group performance status was 1; and the median interval from initial diagnosis to treatment was 9 months (range, 1-36), and, in this interval, patients received a median of 1 systemic treatment line (range, 0-3). Acute toxicity was limited to grade 1 to 2. Three weeks after treatment, 16 patients (84%) reported decreased celiac pain, with median pain level falling from 6 out of 10 (interquartile range [IQR], 5.0-7.5) at baseline to 3 out of 10 (IQR, 1.0-4.3); six weeks after treatment, the Numerical Rating Scale number fell further to 2.8 out of 10 (IQR, 0-3.3; both P < .005 vs baseline), including 4 patients who reported complete eradication of their celiac pain. Total daily morphine milligram equivalents decreased from 59 pretreatment to 50 at 3 weeks, and from 50 to 45 at 6 weeks. Significant improvement was seen in pain-interference scores. CONCLUSIONS: Celiac plexus radiosurgery appears to alleviate cancer-related pain. An international multicenter phase 2 trial is currently accruing.

Attention Dysregulation in Breast Cancer Patients Following a Complementary Alternative Treatment Routine: A Double-Blind Randomized Trial.

INTRODUCTION: Breast cancer patients and survivors frequently report fatigue, emotional, and cognitive disturbances, which reduce performance at all levels of occupation and make life quality issues a considerable clinical concern. The aim of this study is to evaluate attention and emotion regulation across radiotherapy period and the possible effects of complementary alternative medicine (CAM). METHODS: Fifty-seven patients with unilateral breast cancer underwent surgery and systemic chemotherapy before participating in this double-blind randomized study. Two thirds were given CAM (n = 38) while the rest received placebo (carrier only, n = 19). Patients' attention and anxiety were physiologically tested at baseline, 2 and 4 weeks during the radiation period as well as 1-month after the end of radiation session. RESULTS: Both groups showed similar levels of anxiety with no significant differences at baseline nor post-radiotherapy. Long-term significant recovery of attention performance was observed in the CAM patients, accompanied by a similar tendency in anxiety level, measured by the eye-blink probability. CONCLUSIONS: This study physiologically validates the attention impairment reported among breast cancer survivors; also, it depicted a beneficial late-effect of a routine CAM on attention dysregulation. The suggested non-invasive physiological measures can physiologically monitor patients' psychological and cognitive well-being as well as evaluate the beneficial effect of CAM in breast cancer patients by assessing their coping ability to support the treatment plan. Thus, the results have potential clinical implications on patients' and survivors' quality of life. TRIAL REGISTRATION: NIH, NCT02890316. Registered July 2016, http://www.ClinicalTrials.gov.

Benefits of Continuous Positive Airway Pressure (CPAP) During Radiation Therapy: A Prospective Trial.

PURPOSE: This study aimed to study the impact of continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) on chest anatomy and tumor motion in patients receiving radiation therapy. METHODS AND MATERIALS: Patients with primary or secondary lung tumors, left-sided breast cancer, or liver metastases referred for radiation therapy were trained to breathe with a CPAP device using a face mask to a maximal pressure of 15 cm H2O. Three- and 4-dimensional computed tomography simulation was performed twice for each patient: once with free breathing (FB) and again using CPAP. Volumetric and dosimetric parameters of treatment plans were compared. RESULTS: Forty-nine patients were enrolled, of whom 6 withdrew consent before simulation and 3 withdrew because of discomfort. Thus, a total of 40 patients were analyzed. Twenty-seven patients (67.5%) were treated with CPAP based on confirmation of the volumetric or dosimetric benefit of CPAP. Mean lung volume increased by 37% (P < .001). The mean augmentation was 1283 ± 1128 cm3 (CPAP vs FB; P = .0006) in patients with normal lung function tests and 719 ± 341 cm3 (P = .003) in patients with a restrictive pattern. Increased lung volume was independent of age, body mass index, sex, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, smoking status, and heart disease. Tumor motion in the lung was decreased as reflected in a mean reduction of planning target volume by 19% (P < .001). The greatest reduction of tumor trajectory and planning target volume occurred in tumors in the lower lung, particularly in the range of up to 6 cm above the dome of the diaphragm. The mean lung dose was reduced by 15%, lung V20 by 20%, lung V5 by 11%, and heart V5 by 16% (P < .01). CONCLUSIONS: In this prospective trial, the use of CPAP was associated with significant volumetric and dosimetric benefits compared with FB. CPAP was safe, simple to implement, and well tolerated by most patients, and it should be studied further as a method to reduce the risk of lung and heart toxicity.

Palliative radiation therapy for symptomatic advance breast cancer.

In this study, we evaluated the effectiveness of palliative breast radiation therapy (RT), with single fraction RT compared with fractionated RT. Our study showed that both RT fractionation schemas provide palliation. Single fraction RT allowed for treatment with minimal interference with systemic therapy, whereas fractionated RT provided a more durable palliative response. Due to equivalent palliative response, at our institution we have increasingly been providing single fraction RT palliation during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Mortality Among Neutropenic Cancer Patients Within the United States: The Association With Hospital Volume.

PURPOSE: Neutropenia is a serious complication of chemotherapy in patients with solid tumors. The influence of hospital volume on outcomes in patients with neutropenia has been little investigated. We hypothesized that large-volume hospitals would have reduced mortality rates for neutropenic patients compared with small-volume institutions. METHODS: We used the Nationwide Inpatient Sample database of the Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project, for the years 2007-2011. All adult inpatient episodes with a diagnosis of both neutropenia and solid-tumor malignancy were included. Hospital volume was defined as the number of neutropenic cancer episodes per institution per year. Mortality was defined as death during admission. A multilevel mixed-effects logistic regression model was applied. RESULTS: Twenty thousand three hundred and ten hospitalizations were included in the study, from 1,869 different institutions. Median age was 62 years. The overall inpatient mortality was 2.3%, and was dependent on age (age 50-59 years-1.6% and age 80-89 years-5.3%). The median number of neutropenic inpatient episodes in each institution per year was 14 (range, 1-168). Mortality was 3.3%, 2.7%, 2.2%, 2.2%, and 1.2% for each quintile of hospital volume (from lowest to highest volume, P < .001). Likewise, the proportion discharged home was 85.7%, 90.3%, 91.5%, 92.7%, and 95.4% (P < .001). The association between hospital volume and mortality remained significant after adjustment for patient-level and hospital-level variables. DISCUSSION: Patients with neutropenia hospitalized in large-volume institutions have a substantially lower mortality compared with those hospitalized at low-volume institutions. Further study is required to validate our findings or overcome potential biases, understand mechanism, and investigate how smaller institutions can improve outcomes.

Locoregional Treatments and Ipsilateral Breast Cancer Recurrence Rates in BRCA1/2 Mutation Carriers.

PURPOSE: There is a paucity of data on the rates of ipsilateral breast tumor recurrence (IBTR) in BRCA1/2-associated breast cancer (BC). Scarcer yet are outcomes data in BRCA1/2 mutation carriers in the setting of newer mastectomy techniques, such as skin-sparing mastectomies (SSM) and nipple-sparing mastectomies (NSM). METHODS: Data were extracted from the medical records of BRCA1/2 carriers who were diagnosed with BC and treated at a single institution between 2006 and 2020. The data extracted included patient demographics, tumor characteristics, disease stage, surgical treatment, use of radiation therapy (RT), and disease outcome. RESULTS: Overall, 255 BC patients with BRCA1/2 germline mutations were identified. Of these, 128 (50.2%) underwent a mastectomy (SSM or NSM in 82% of them), 76 (59.4%) without postmastectomy RT (non-PMRT) and 52 (40.6%) with PMRT, whereas 127 (49.8%) elected for breast-conserving treatment (BCT). The non-PMRT group had earlier disease stages (82.3% were Tis and T1N0) compared with the PMRT and BCT groups (3.6% and 48.1%, respectively; P < .05). The IBTR cumulative rate was 9 of 76 (11.8%) in the non-PMRT cohort compared with 0 of 52 in the PMRT group (P = .01) and 6 of 127 (4.7%) in the BCT group (P = .06). The cumulative incidences of IBTR at 5 and 10 years were 9.8% and 27.4%, respectively, in the non-PMRT group versus 2% and 11.3%, respectively, in the BCT group (P = .0183). No significant difference in overall survival was observed at the time of follow-up. CONCLUSIONS: BRCA1/2 mutation carriers treated with mastectomy without PMRT had higher rates of IBTR than those who underwent mastectomy and PMRT or BCT, despite earlier stages of disease. The safety of SSM/NSM should be evaluated in a prospective trial.

Radiation-Associated Secondary Malignancies in BRCA Mutation Carriers Treated for Breast Cancer.

PURPOSE: Radiation therapy (RT), a standard breast cancer (BC) treatment modality, is associated with a small increased risk of in-field second primary malignancy (SPM). SPM rates after RT in BRCA mutation carriers have rarely been reported. An elevated risk of SPM would affect the safety of breast conservation for early BC or prophylactic radiation as a method of prevention. We analyzed a population of BRCA carriers irradiated for BC to determine whether there is an elevated rate of SPM. METHODS AND MATERIALS: Patients with BC who were BRCA1 or BRCA2 carriers and were treated with breast and/or chest wall RT with or without regional lymph nodes between 1991 and 2012 at a single institution were retrospectively identified. Only those with ≥5 years of follow-up with adequate demographic, tumor, and radiation data were included. SPMs were recorded, and previously delivered RT doses to the organ and site of malignancy were determined. RESULTS: Two hundred thirty women, of whom 80% carried an Ashkenazi Jewish founder mutation, met entry criteria with 3-dimensional RT delivered to 266 breasts or chest walls, including regional nodes in 110 (41%). With a median follow-up of 10 years (range, 5-27; mean 11.4) comprising 3042 person-years, 6 SPMs developed, of which only 1 (papillary thyroid carcinoma) was within the radiation field (crude rate of 0.38% of irradiated breasts or chest walls), diagnosed 17 years after RT. This corresponds to an incidence of 0.32 per 1000 woman-years. The Kaplan-Meier estimate of 20-year freedom from a radiation-induced SPM is 99.5%. Calculated dose exposure to the out-of-field SPMs ranged from 0.1 to 1 Gy. No patient developed an in-field skin cancer or sarcoma. CONCLUSIONS: In this largest cohort of women treated with radiation therapy for BRCA-associated breast cancer, we identified no signal for an increased risk of radiation-induced SPMs compared with the general BC population, and the risk is extraordinarily small. Although larger cohorts and longer follow-up are needed, these results support the safety of RT in BRCA carriers.